:root{--ink:#14181c;--ink-soft:#4a545e;--ink-faint:#7b8794;--paper:#faf8f4;--paper-raised:#ffffff;--rule:#d9d3c7;--rule-strong:#14181c;--accent:#1f5f4b;--accent-soft:#e6efea;--serif:"Iowan Old Style", "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;--sans:-apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;--measure:34rem;--gutter:1.5rem}*{box-sizing:border-box}html{-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}body{margin:0;background:var(--paper);color:var(--ink);font:1.0625rem/1.65 var(--sans);font-synthesis-weight:none}.wrap{width:100%;max-width:66rem;margin:0 auto;padding:0 var(--gutter)}a{color:var(--accent);text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:2px}a:hover{color:var(--ink)}.skip-link{position:absolute;left:-9999px;top:0;background:var(--ink);color:var(--paper);padding:.6rem 1rem;z-index:10}.skip-link:focus{left:0}:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--accent);outline-offset:2px}.muted{color:var(--ink-faint)}.masthead{border-bottom:3px double var(--rule-strong);background:var(--paper)}.masthead-top{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:1rem;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-top:1.6rem;padding-bottom:1rem}.brand{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:clamp(1.7rem,4.5vw,2.6rem);font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.015em;color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none}.brand:hover{color:var(--accent)}.masthead-tagline{margin:0;font-size:.8125rem;letter-spacing:.11em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-faint)}.deck{border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.deck-inner{display:flex;gap:1.25rem;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-top:.6rem;padding-bottom:.6rem}.deck a{font-size:.8125rem;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-soft);text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.deck a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.deck a[aria-current=page]{color:var(--ink);box-shadow:inset 0 -2px 0 var(--accent)}.main{padding-bottom:4rem}.section-rule{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.9rem;margin:2.75rem 0 1.25rem;font-family:var(--sans);font-size:.75rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-faint)}.section-rule::after{content:"";flex:1;height:1px;background:var(--rule)}.more{margin-top:1.5rem;font-size:.9375rem}.standfirst{padding-top:1.75rem}.standfirst p{margin:0;max-width:44rem;font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.1875rem;color:var(--ink-soft)}.lede{margin-top:2rem}.lede-title{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:clamp(1.6rem,4vw,2.35rem);line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-.02em;margin:0 0 .4rem}.lede-title a{color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none}.lede-title a:hover{color:var(--accent);text-decoration:underline}.lede-desc{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.125rem;color:var(--ink-soft);max-width:42rem;margin:.6rem 0 0}.index-list{border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.row{display:grid;grid-template-columns:5.5rem 1fr;gap:1.25rem;padding:1.1rem 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.row-date{font-size:.8125rem;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:var(--ink-faint);letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase;padding-top:.28rem}.row-year{display:block;color:var(--rule)}.row-title{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.25;margin:0;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-.01em}.row-title a{color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none}.row-title a:hover{color:var(--accent);text-decoration:underline}.row-desc{margin:.35rem 0 0;font-size:.9375rem;color:var(--ink-soft);max-width:44rem}.row-cat{margin:.4rem 0 0;font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase}.row-cat a{color:var(--ink-faint);text-decoration:none}.row-cat a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.section-grid{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:grid;gap:.5rem 1.5rem;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(14rem,1fr))}.section-grid li{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);padding:.55rem 0}.section-grid a{color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none;font-weight:500}.section-grid a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.section-grid .muted{font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;font-size:.8125rem}.lead-image{margin:1.5rem 0}.lead-image img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;background:var(--rule)}.lead-image--card img{max-width:20rem}.article{padding-top:2.25rem}.article-header{max-width:46rem}.article-title{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:clamp(1.9rem,5vw,2.9rem);line-height:1.1;letter-spacing:-.022em;margin:0 0 .7rem}.article-standfirst{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.1875rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--ink-soft);margin:0 0 .9rem}.meta{margin:0;font-size:.8125rem;letter-spacing:.05em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-faint)}.meta a{color:var(--ink-soft);text-decoration:none}.meta a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.meta-sep{margin:0 .5rem;color:var(--rule)}.article-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:2rem;margin-top:1.75rem;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);padding-top:1.75rem}.article-body{min-width:0;max-width:var(--measure)}.article-body>*:first-child{margin-top:0}.article-body p,.article-body ul,.article-body ol,.article-body blockquote{font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.7}.article-body h2{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.25;letter-spacing:-.012em;margin:2.4rem 0 .7rem;padding-top:.9rem;border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.article-body h3{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.1875rem;margin:1.9rem 0 .5rem}.article-body h4{font-size:.8125rem;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-faint);margin:1.6rem 0 .4rem}.article-body blockquote{margin:1.6rem 0;padding:.2rem 0 .2rem 1.1rem;border-left:3px solid var(--accent);color:var(--ink-soft);font-family:var(--serif)}.article-body table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:1.6rem 0;font-size:.9375rem}.article-body th,.article-body td{text-align:left;padding:.55rem .7rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);vertical-align:top}.article-body th{font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-faint);border-bottom:2px solid var(--rule-strong)}.article-body tbody tr:nth-child(even){background:var(--paper-raised)}.article-body code{font-size:.875em;background:var(--accent-soft);padding:.1em .35em;border-radius:2px}.article-body pre{overflow-x:auto;padding:1rem;background:var(--ink);color:var(--paper);font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5}.article-body pre code{background:0 0;padding:0;color:inherit}.article-body img{max-width:100%;height:auto}.article-body hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);margin:2.2rem 0}.article-body .cluster-list{padding-left:1.1rem}.article-body .cluster-list li{margin:.35rem 0}.rail{font-size:.9375rem}.rail-title{font-family:var(--sans);font-size:.6875rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-faint);margin:0 0 .6rem;padding-bottom:.4rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.rail-block+.rail-block,.toc+.rail-block{margin-top:1.75rem}.toc-list,.toc-sub{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.toc-list>li{margin:.45rem 0}.toc-list a{color:var(--ink-soft);text-decoration:none;display:block;line-height:1.35}.toc-list a:hover{color:var(--accent)}.toc-sub{margin:.3rem 0 .3rem .85rem}.toc-sub li{margin:.3rem 0}.toc-sub a{font-size:.875rem;color:var(--ink-faint)}.tag-cloud{margin:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.35rem}.tag{font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.03em;padding:.18rem .5rem;background:var(--accent-soft);color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none;border-radius:2px}.tag:hover{background:var(--accent);color:var(--paper)}.byline{display:flex;gap:.85rem;align-items:flex-start;margin:2.75rem 0 0;padding-top:1.2rem;border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}.byline-avatar{border-radius:50%;flex:none}.byline-text{min-width:0}.byline-name{margin:0;font-weight:600;font-size:.9375rem}.byline-bio{margin:.2rem 0 0;font-size:.875rem;color:var(--ink-soft)}.byline--plain{font-size:.875rem;color:var(--ink-soft);display:block}.more-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.more-list li{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);padding:.6rem 0}.more-list a{color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none;font-family:var(--serif);font-size:1.0625rem}.more-list a:hover{color:var(--accent);text-decoration:underline}.page-header{padding-top:2.25rem;margin-bottom:1.5rem}.page-kicker{margin:0 0 .3rem;font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--ink-faint)}.page-title{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:clamp(1.7rem,4.5vw,2.5rem);line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-.02em;margin:0}.page-intro{max-width:42rem;color:var(--ink-soft)}.colophon{border-top:3px double var(--rule-strong);margin-top:3rem}.colophon-inner{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:1rem;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-top:1.2rem;padding-bottom:2.5rem;font-size:.8125rem;color:var(--ink-faint)}.colophon-line{margin:0}.colophon-links{margin:0;display:flex;gap:1rem}.colophon-links a{color:var(--ink-soft);text-decoration:none}.colophon-links a:hover{color:var(--accent)}@media(min-width:62rem){.article-grid{grid-template-columns:15rem minmax(0,1fr);gap:3rem}.rail{position:sticky;top:1.75rem;align-self:start;max-height:calc(100vh - 3.5rem);overflow-y:auto}.lede{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1.15fr)minmax(0,1fr);gap:2rem;align-items:start}.lede .lead-image{margin:0}.article-body{max-width:40rem}}@media(max-width:61.99rem){.article-grid{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:1.75rem}.rail{display:contents}.toc{order:1}.article-body{order:2}.rail-block{order:3}.toc{background:var(--paper-raised);border:1px solid var(--rule);padding:.9rem 1rem}.toc .rail-title{margin-bottom:.5rem}}@media(max-width:34rem){.row{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:.3rem}.row-year{display:inline;margin-left:.35rem;color:var(--ink-faint)}}@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){*{scroll-behavior:auto!important}}html{scroll-behavior:smooth}:target{scroll-margin-top:1.5rem}@media print{.masthead .deck,.rail,.colophon-links,.more-reading{display:none}body{background:#fff}}